When Newton arrived in Cambridge in 1661, the movement now known as the Scientific Revolution was well advanced, and many of the works basic to modern science had appeared. By June 1661 he was ready to matriculate at Trinity College, Cambridge, somewhat older than the other undergraduates because of his interrupted education. At the school he apparently gained a firm command of Latin but probably received no more than a smattering of arithmetic. As with many of the leading scientists of the age, he left behind in Grantham anecdotes about his mechanical ability and his skill in building models of machines, such as clocks and windmills. Fortunately, the mistake was recognized, and Newton was sent back to the grammar school in Grantham, where he had already studied, to prepare for the university. He could not bring himself to concentrate on rural affairs-set to watch the cattle, he would curl up under a tree with a book. It quickly became apparent, however, that this would be a disaster, both for the estate and for Newton. When he examined the state of his soul in 1662 and compiled a catalog of sins in shorthand, he remembered “Threatning my father and mother Smith to burne them and the house over them.” The acute sense of insecurity that rendered him obsessively anxious when his work was published and irrationally violent when he defended it accompanied Newton throughout his life and can plausibly be traced to his early years.Īfter his mother was widowed a second time, she determined that her first-born son should manage her now considerable property. That he hated his stepfather we may be sure. For nine years, until the death of Barnabas Smith in 1653, Isaac was effectively separated from his mother, and his pronounced psychotic tendencies have been ascribed to this traumatic event. Deprived of a father before birth, he soon lost his mother as well, for within two years she married a second time her husband, the well-to-do minister Barnabas Smith, left young Isaac with his grandmother and moved to a neighbouring village to raise a son and two daughters. A tiny and weak baby, Newton was not expected to survive his first day of life, much less 84 years.
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That same year, at Arcetri near Florence, Galileo Galilei had died Newton would eventually pick up his idea of a mathematical science of motion and bring his work to full fruition. Formative influencesīorn in the hamlet of Woolsthorpe, Newton was the only son of a local yeoman, also Isaac Newton, who had died three months before, and of Hannah Ayscough. Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687) was one of the most important single works in the history of modern science. In mathematics, he was the original discoverer of the infinitesimal calculus. In mechanics, his three laws of motion, the basic principles of modern physics, resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation. In optics, his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the phenomena of colours into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics.
Isaac Newton, in full Sir Isaac Newton, (born Decem, Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England-died March 20, 1727, London), English physicist and mathematician, who was the culminating figure of the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century.
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